This article examines the judicial protection of rights vis-à-vis Europol and Frontex. It argues that the expansion of the functions entrusted to the two agencies has already prompted, and may further prompt, significant changes to established features of annulment action and action for damages. This analysis draws on three recent cases brought before the Court of Justice in its appellate capacity, as well as on selected legislative provisions adopted over the past few years. While the full implications of these developments remain unsettled, they nevertheless suggest the need, in certain instances, to supplement the relevant primary-law framework governing the two actions by reference to other Treaty provisions or to principles inferred therefrom.