The purpose of this study was to comprehensively analyse the fundamental concepts of the emergence and evolution of law. The research methodology was based on a qualitative analytical approach, which involved a systematic review and comparison of a wide range of scientific literature on philosophy of law, history of legal thought, sociology of law, and comparative law. The principal findings of the study included the coverage of the essential characteristics of the natural law theory with its focus on objective moral principles, legal positivism, the historical school of law, and the sociological school of law. The study showed that the evolution of key legal concepts, including justice, human rights, property, contractual obligations, and punishment, has been characterised by significant transformations under the influence of changing social, economic, political, and philosophical contexts. A comparative investigation of legal institutions in different legal families showed both broad trends, such as criminal law humanisation, and significant variances driven by historical history and culture. For effective lawmaking, law enforcement, and fair legal systems, the study sought to better comprehend law's origins and growth. The findings helped create a holistic understanding of legal complexity.

The aim of the study is to provide a systematic assessment of the specifics of anti-corruption strategies in Kosovo, Armenia, Ukraine, and Mongolia in the context of the functioning of state institutions. The study analyses the phenomenon of corruption, determining its danger for the country’s development and formulating specific areas of strategic state activity.